History of Mining engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Mining building - Research Paper Example Investigates on the historical backdrop of mining disclose to us that mining building is an antiquated type of designing, the foundations of which return to the start of human advancement. Agribusiness and mining, the essential enterprises of early progress, have been the initial two undertakings of people. Both of these fields likewise meet the essential needs of people. Considering the significance of digging for oil and gas creation, we can really say that mining has kept on providing every single fundamental asset not exclusively to the antiquated development yet additionally to the cutting edge world. Individuals have been utilizing stones and different metals since the start of the human progress. Back then, there was no uncommon apparatus to uncover valuable minerals starting from the earliest stage. Individuals used to complete mining tasks by hands. What's more, those mining tasks were not exceptionally logical or innovation based. The main technique found for mining in the old Roman human advancement was by setting fire on the uncovered rocks so as to break and evacuate them.

Leadership and Symbolism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Authority and Symbolism - Assignment Example As it is entirely expected to most pioneers, initiative includes convincing individuals to follow a shared objective which is of significance to an association, or a gathering. Consequently, initiative is principally observed as an influence. For influence to produce results by a pioneer to the adherents, there must be correspondence. Correspondence is, then again, the exchange of images by the administration with the goal that the devotees can see it well and bring understanding that is fit for authorizing initiative orders (Vickery, 2012). Representative system gives space to motivational initiative that is fit for pivoting an association, particularly as far as making a culture of profoundly energetic workers after the representatives have been demotivated through cutbacks, terminations and experiencing issues of absence of trust. Starcorp as an organization has experienced representative cutbacks, terminations just as issues of absence of trust on their pioneers achieved by their past pioneers. Simultaneously, as Starcorp is presently confronted with the new NASA venture that they have to take up, there is extraordinary need of making the representatives work in amicability and in inspiration as that is the best way to create great outcomes from their new undertaking. It is simple for representatives to lose trust on their pioneers when they see them laying off different laborers and ending their agreements. At the point when such have occurred, there is requirement for initiative that can offer affirmation to the workers about their employer stability just as better compensation so as to make them roused by and by.

Religion and Education Essay

In this aper, I will talk about and clarify the impact of religion and training on social orders since the start of humanity. 1) Religion manages practically all parts of human life. 2) History can't be instructed in training without the notice of strict impacts on developments. 3) The job of religion in state funded instruction isn't restricted to America alone, since the start of humanity each development has given some kind of advancement inside their strict and instructive foundations. There are a few models from various pieces of the world to demonstrate how far reaching the issue is. ) All social orders and developments are comprised of people that have a place with families. Families are the center all things considered and the strict decisions of every family will society in general. 1) It might have impact in training, marriage, work, and even nourishment. â€Å"American strict training, as a sort of profound help, has been assuming a steady job in Americans’ point of view, the acknowledgment of life esteem, the forming of character, ethic ideas and national soul. It’s significant job is showed in the monetary and political fields. † (MENG Xianxia/Cross-social Communication Vol. No. 2 1001, p. 231) Religion impact numerous parts of everyday issues, for example, life decisions, dress, and training. As appeared in the article, â€Å"Religious Experience and Progressive Education,† distributed in the American Educational History Journal by Jared R. Stallones, â€Å"A ongoing review by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life uncovered that completely eighty-four percent of Americans recognize themselves as followers ofa explicit religion. Eighty-eight percent are totally or genuinely sure of the presence of God or a general soul, including fifteen percent of self-recognized skeptics. Eighty-two percent of the populace believes religion to be very or to some degree significant in their lives, and seventy-five percent of Americans, including 10% of nonbelievers, asked at any rate once every week. † (p33) This exhibits how religion is a significant substance in the day by day lives of many. This is on the grounds that religions manage the human life overall. For a considerable length of time individuals have scanned for the significance and truth of their own tendency and the idea of the universe, religions are the outcome. We see religions as networks of individuals who offer practices and convictions, who assemble in uncommon structures to love, and ho have an extraordinary method for living. More than 75% of the world’s populace see themselves as individuals from a religion. Religion impacts practically all parts of human life. It might have impact in training, marriage, work, and even nourishment. ) The United States was established on the standards of religion, the residents of this nation can rehearse whatever religion they like without being aggrieved. The freedoms gave under the Constitution permit people to rehearse their strict beliets transparently and without Judgment. These beliets give direction and structure in the lives of these people. After the establishing of the United States, in spite of the fact that the Cons titution unmistakably manages â€Å"secularism†, religions in America are in every case firmly entwined with the procedure of American history, and play an immense effect on the political, monetary, legitimate and social fields. American humanist Richard Newhouse stated, â€Å"A essential reality about the United States is that Americans themselves guarantee that the majority of them are Christian and the ethical establishments of American culture are Jewish-Christian profound quality Just as non-Christian accept. † (Zhang, 2007, p. 13) (MENG Xianxia/Cross-social Communication Vol. 7. No. 2, 2011). There are a huge number of religions and thousand additional regions of those. Religions are separated basically into old and present day religions. Not to state that the â€Å"modern† religions Just started in the past couple years, Just they are as yet polished in present occasions. A portion of the antiquated religions incorporate Egyptian, Zoroastria, Greek, Norse, and Celtic. (Source and Cite) 3) People have been evaded, shunned, yielded, and slaughtered in view of their strict convictions. These demonstrations occur in light of the fact that people have various perspectives. There are a few models from various pieces of the world to demonstrate how idespread the issue is. American culture is a mix of secularized and strict components. Anderson (2004) noticed that these two components have constantly represented a quandary for government funded instruction. The battle is the manner by which to suit both of these cultural attributes. He called attention to that the common idea of American open culture and its basic pluralistic character are significant parts of the setting for our arrangement of instruction. The job of religion in state funded training isn't constrained to America alone. There are a few models from various pieces of the world to demonstrate how boundless the issue is. Thomas (2006) revealed a case in France in which a Muslim young lady was removed for wearing a customary Islamic headscarf. The President bolstered the move saying that religion ought not be allowed in state funded schools. Islamic pioneers fought that the boycott was biased, singling out Muslims for oppressive practices. Hinsliff (2004) detailed an intriguing contention with regards to which Christian evangelists in England needed to have the fortifying of confidence instructing in schools. They dropped the thought when†¦ 4) Families are the center all things considered and the strict decisions of every family will influence society all in all. The strict decisions of a family will impact an individual’s choices that will thus influence society all in all. What in singular puts out into society will return as their choice and activities influence society all in all. Religion is a significant substance in the lives of many. As per the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, â€Å"Religious opportunity incorporates the option to amass for private and open love, decide the states of participation, give strict guidelines, lecture its message freely, and distribute and flow strict material† (International Religious Freedom, Sec. (3) Article 18). The United States is one of the countries with most fabulous strict foundation, and in all actuality religion and strict instruction saturates all parts of American life. Religion lies in American family instruction, school training, political exercises and public activity, assuming a job that can't be disregarded. (MENG Abstract p. l) Conclusion: Although religion has been and is a warmed subject now and again and since the start of humanity, we can't deny the reality, the impact it has had in instructive establishments through the advancement everything being equal, I teel this is an incredible thing. ou won't get very tar into any instructive issues without some way or another chancing upon strict topics. † Marty goes on to clarifies in Christianity and its heritage in instruction that â€Å"We Americans are instructed to consider American culture as a common one in which religion doesn't mean a lot, and our instructive framework is sorted out so that strict concerns freque ntly get little consideration. In any case, in the event that you think for a second, you may understand that a superior inquiry is, the place does religion not come into this? (Burke and Segal p. 631). To have religion foiling together with training is the thing that gives us history. It is the thing that takes us to the following point throughout everyday life. It gives us direction and even once in a while alerts. As a little youngster that has been raised in the service and to perceive how religion has assumed a key job in my life and education†¦ ‘ extol this. It is realized that religion and instruction has been around for a large number of years and I trust it will proceed for some more. From showing your grandson to collect a tomahawk to loving the Greek divine force of war, individuals show religion and instruction from various perspectives. As, David P. Setran referenced in the Teachers College Record article More Religion in Education and More Education in Religion†: Liberal Progressivism and the Educational â€Å"Common Faith,† 1917-1940, â€Å"The Kingdom of God end up being an amazing picture of the perfect majority rule government and a ground-breaking portrayal of religion and training cooperating to manufacture a superior world. It is prescribed that future researchers keep on glancing in different pieces of the nation and among others to follow these amazing helpful connection, in this manner reestablishing the spot of religion as a significant source and partner of dynamic instruction. † (p. l, conceptual) (Teachers College Record, vl 14 nl 2012. 29pp. Religion and training have been married in western culture for whatever length of time that schools have existed, and as long as strict assorted variety and law based dynamic suffer in American culture, at that point battles between and about religion and instruction will proceed in American schools (Religious Experience and Progressive Education,† distributed in the American Educational History Journal by Jared R. Stallones, p33. ) Religion and instruction has been around for a great many years and it will proceed for some more.

Good Examples For Informative Essay

Good Examples For Informative EssayThe form of informative essay is quite easy to be successful with. You will need to be able to answer in the best way possible and produce a good impression. Great examples of informative essays are usually done by the writers of certain newspapers, magazines and even television channels. Even though the form of essays is quite simple to understand, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind so that you will be able to turn out a great essay.Before the essay is done, you need to add the paragraph of contents, sentence parts and even the bibliography. The sentence parts will be attached to the beginning of the essay and the bibliography will be at the end. You need to make sure that all the paragraph parts are properly sewn together and that all the sentence parts are well connected. You can ask someone to make sure that the sentence parts are connected as well as the paragraph parts. Make sure that you keep all the sentence parts quite tig ht while stitching them together.The good results of this type of writing are largely due to the fact that you use the right sentence parts and it is so well connected. You will need to make sure that the essay is correctly built and that all the sentence parts are put together. The bibliography will help you if the first chapter is not properly written. You can ask the information researcher to write the first chapter to give you some ideas of what you can write your first paragraph about.Since you will be using the examples in the essay, it is good to remember that in order to be able to give you some good examples you need to be able to follow them exactly. Don't go over the point being explained in a point. If you have to break some points down, don't go overboard. You need to make sure that you do not throw some points that were not discussed in the essay.There are some factual errors that can make a sentence out of context and when the sentence is placed in an informative essa y, it might have an adverse effect on the credibility of the essay. You need to make sure that all the sentences are properly connected and you need to take the advice of the person who will be writing the essay. This way, you will be able to get as close to the point as possible and also try to give some reference points. You can also look at the examples and see if the paragraph parts are accurate. If it is not, you might have to go back and revise your essay.One of the best ways to use the sample essay to be able to write an informative essay is to use the same examples that are used in the essay. Try to use a similar point or try to use some information that you can point out to make it easier for you to be able to put all the paragraphs together correctly. The following example might help you with that, you will be able to use a similar example that is used in the essay and put the sentences together correctly. Be sure to use the bibliography to make sure that all the sentences are correctly connected and you will be able to give you some good examples. Even though you might be using the same form of an essay, there are certain things that you need to do to make sure that you will be able to provide good samples of essays.Good examples of an informative essay are usually provided by certain people or by being a writer for a certain magazine or paper. You can also go over some of the old examples to get some good examples and you will be able to use them to write your own good informative essay.

All You Need to Know About Acids, Bases, and pH

Abortion And The United States - 1704 Words

Since 1973, abortion has been considered â€Å"legal† in the United States. But, just because abortion is legal, does that automatically justify it as moral? The Bible never clearly states â€Å"though shall not abort your children.† On the other hand, Exodus 20:13, states â€Å"though shall not murder.† Not only does Exodus speak of prohibiting murder, Genesis 9:3, states that â€Å"whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed, for in the image of God He made man.† According to AbortionFacts.com, abortion became legalized in the United States in 1973; however, does declaring something â€Å"legal† grant the power to be morally sound as well (The Christian, n.d.)? The Bible uses the term child to describe a â€Å"born† and â€Å"unborn† baby. According to the†¦show more content†¦As a result, society is using â€Å"personhood† to define when a child could be described as an assortment of organs. Rese archer, Carl Sagan, estimated that at 6 months a child could be considered to be under the category of â€Å"personhood.† Clearly personhood was created to justify the means of abortion. Such ideas were never expressed in the bible. On the contrary, the bible describes personhood as reaching self-actualization. Self-actualization comes from knowing their lord and savior. These two terms are their exact opposite, both may define life but neither would agree on the subject of when a â€Å"baby† or â€Å"fetus† becomes a human being (The Christian, n.d.). Churches from the early ages understood the Bible’s adversity to abortion. The reason why the Bible doesn’t contain precise scriptures detailing why abortion is condemned is due to the 6th commandment. Exodus 20:13, which states â€Å"though shall not murder.† This would pertain to suicide, poison, abortion, and etcetera. Eventually, as the church spread to different regions, those involved didn’t concede with their traditions. Hence, new prohibition were written to forbid abortion due to their Comprehension of the bible (The Christian, n.d.). Christianity’s belief system is founded upon Jesus’s supreme revelations. In addition, his instructions are conveyed within the old Testaments. Which consist of the four gospels and Jewish Scriptures. The Roman Catholic, Protestant

Honduras the Best Country Ever Essay Sample free essay sample

Honduras is located right in the centre of Central America. Honduras is large at least. in Central America footings. But it’s non the largest 1. Some of the ground to go to Honduras is the nutrient. topographic points. and monetary values. These attractive force and characteristics make Honduras travel unique. I truly bask Honduran culinary art. It’s difficult to set a label on or categorise. but a typical breakfast normally includes rice. beans. and tortillas. However. best beloved are the notable turns like anafres ( a sizzling hot bean dip ) . tostones ( crunchy fried plantains ) . and arroz con leche ( rice soaked in warm milk with sugar. cinnamon. and other spices ) . Besides known as ?Honduran rice pudding? . These are merely some of the home bases that I can believe of. Honduras is noted for first-class beaches such as The Bay Island. Half Moon Bay. Roatan. Callos Cochinos. etc. these beaches are locates on the Atlantic seashore of Honduras. We will write a custom essay sample on Honduras the Best Country Ever Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For some ground these bays are unforgettable for travellers because there’s a broad assortment of activities to see ( plunging. swimming and H2O athleticss are my favourites ) . oh adult male! It’s truly awesome. For most portion. Honduras travel is inexpensive. truly inexpensive. The most expensive finish is Roatan. but it’s non that much expensive comparison to other beaches in the universe. I remember when I used to purchase a clump of bananas. a Citrullus vulgaris. some litchis. and Mangifera indica for the equivalent of $ 1. 50 US. In decision. if you are interested in Central America history. Cardinal American civilizations. colonial history. ruins. you should travel to Honduras. And you should make the same if your involvements run more along the lines of beaches. nice architecture. great night life. natural Parkss of snorkeling. To set it merely. Honduras is one of those states where anyone. regardless of what they’re interested in. will happen something to wish.

Why Should Euthanasia Be Legalized Essays - Euthanasia,

Why Should Euthanasia Be Legalized? It is apparent that euthanasia should be permitted everywhere for the following reasons: individual liberty; one's undesired pain, suffering, and misery; and the individual's frustration from having a valueless life. First of all, one should be able to understand the term euthanasia. ?In ancient Greece, eu thanatos meant ?easy death.' Today's euthanasia generally refers to mercy killing, the voluntary ending of the life of someone who is terminally or hopelessly ill? (Euthanasia 1). Knowing that, it is seemingly appropriate to say that one has the right to die an easy death if, and only if, he is terminally ill. Otherwise, different situations should not play any part in this issue. To understand more about the pro-euthanasia side of this issue, it is best conceived through the viewpoints, strong beliefs, and perspectives of proponents of euthanasia. An individual has liberty, which includes the right of owning his life. He is the possessor of his life. Just as he can do whatever he wishes with his possessions, such as selling his new house, he can also wish to discontinue his life if the reasons were rational. In a typical situation, a person has some terrible, deadly disease. He is trapped in a hospital bed, with all sorts of medical equipment connected to him, unable to move or do much of anything except exist. He is in terrible pain; he begs to have these machines disconnected so he can go home and live out whatever life he has left and die in peace. He does not want to endure the pain, but instead, to assuage it. However, the doctors refuse because to turn off the machines would surely result in his death, and they have a presumed bias against doing this. If a person decides that he wants to die, and someone does not think that this is a good decision, what right does the opposing person have to tell him that he cannot do th is? ?It is clear that a patient's decision to ask for a cessation in treatment, reflecting his own preference for death rather than for a continuation of discomfort or suffering, must be respected, barring exceptional circumstances? (Behnke 17). Therefore, that individual's decision should be carried out because he has that right to his own personal decision, which is only one of many reasons why euthanasia should be legalized. In addition, one should have the right to end his life by euthanasia because of the unsolicited pain, suffering, and misery he feels due to the disease he has or the condition he is in. People in this position would most likely want to alleviate their pain, suffering, and depression?just to name a few?partially because of the inconveniences, emotional and physical burdens, and drawbacks imposed on family members, relatives, and friends. Furthermore, family members ?may be sensitive to the costs accumulating during terminal care? (Hagen 91). Consequently, patients may feel guilty in this entire ordeal. Even more, people who, maybe because of a serious illness, are extremely depressed partly because they want to live their lives to the fullest by perhaps participating in energetic and active events but know that that is not possible now that they are severely ill and sick. Since they recognize that enjoying life in those ways is no longer possible, they may want an easy way out?euthana sia. Others simply do not want to sustain suffering. Everybody has different amounts of pain and suffering that he/she can tolerate (Behnke 17). In considering suffering of terminal patients, one cannot exclude from thought the grief due to distress, fear, and agony. Nor must anyone underestimate the bearable level of pain in the periods between doses of medication or simply from being turned over in bed. There is still too little known about what is actually experienced by patients as they approach death so it is evident that the individual, and only the individual, has the right to choose when he wants to die. These factors, along with unwanted suffering, pain, and misery are only some of the components considered in allowing the act of euthanasia. The final element worthy of discussion in legalizing euthanasia is an individual's frustration in living, in his opinion, a valueless life after becoming

My Side of the Mountain essays

My Side of the Mountain essays Sam Gribley is tired of living in a crowded New York City apartment with his dad,mom and 8 brothers and sisters, so he runs away looking for his Great-grandfather Gribleys land in the Catskill Mountain wilderness. The Gribley land had not been inhabited by any Gribleys for around 100 years. Sam hitched rides trying to get to the farm. Sam thought he prepared himself for this adventure by reading books in the New York City public library about how to survive on the land. No one in his family took his plans seriously though. With only a penknife, a ball of cord, forty dollars, and some flint and steel, he relied on his own ingenuity and the resources of the land to survive. Sam arrived in the Catskills and went to the Delhi library to find information about Gribleys farm. A nice librarian found information that was very old, this helped Sam find the farm. This was the beginning of Sams great adventure. On his great-grandfathers farm he learns how to survive. At first he struggles to make a fire, then he had trouble whittling wooden fishing hooks to catch fish, but he ended up perfecting the hooks and catching a few fish. He quickly realizes that he needs shelter; just building and staying around a campfire wont do, so he decides to set a fire inside a hemlock tree and hollow himself out a room. Here he builds himself a little hidden home in the forest. His tree home consists of a hidden door made of deerskin, a bed and a fireplace to keep him warn in winter. People come to the forest and are all around him, but they never discover him in his tree home. He struggled every day to find food, only to find that frog legs and turtle soup arent bad food. He also ate wild onions, acorns, apples, wild strawberries, and sometimes rabbit that he manages to catch in some traps he had built. ...

Contemporary issues in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Contemporary issues in management - Essay Example Business enterprises are primarily responsible for generating profit and creating wealth but being a social entity, it has certain responsibility towards the society. The societal responsibilities that are pursued by companies comprise development of social equity and taking measures for environment safety and sustainability. Another contribution of business towards the society is developing better quality of life and standard of living for people. However, in this regard, mass scale debate has been observed between social and economic benefits of a business (Weber, 2008). The paper discusses convergence of social and economic benefits with respect to various CSR theories. Alongside, the implication of CSR has been evaluated in organisational framework of Sainsbury. In the critical discussion, the social, ethical and environmental contribution of the company will be analysed and also the concept of ‘greenwashing’ will be explored and examined in perspective of Sainsbury. Sainsbury PLC is one of the leading retailers in the United Kingdom food industry and over the time, the company has diversified in other non-food sector such as banking and financial services as well. Sainsbury is presently a world renowned brand having more than 1200 stores. The company operates by means of its convenience stores, online stores and the UK based supermarkets. The food business of Sainsbury has been diversified to accommodate other offerings such as clothing and general merchandise. The company also operate in property development sector by means of joint ventures (Sainsbury, 2014a). Sainsbury is a renowned brand in the UK and conducts its operation through 592 supermarkets and 611 local convenience stores. It was determined that the corporation generates more than  £1 billion revenue from its online sales. The company operates with more than 2100 food suppliers and 1300 non-food suppliers for serving consumers with large variety of

Assessment of English Language Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment of English Language Learners - Essay Example This is done to improve the ability of a test to achieve the required outcomes with little or no drawbacks. Introduction Spanish speaking students in the United States have varying English language proficiency. This might limit their learning ability when undertaking educational programs administered in English. To determine the level of English proficiency on these students, English language learners assessment is crucial. The assessment is currently undertaken in schools using English language proficiency test that is a combination of both summative and formative assessments. This currently used test has both benefits and drawbacks. Hence, there is a need for review of this test to make it much better. The benefits make it unnecessary to replace the test with other tests. However, the drawbacks call for a review of the test in order to make it more effective. Review of English language proficiency test English language proficiency test currently used in most schools, including ours , is a combination of formative and summative assessments. The summative tests are undertaken at the end of an English language instruction to determine the students English proficiency developed during the learning period. Formative tests that are used to guide instructions are taken at the beginning or in the middle of instruction. In this kind of a test, an educator designs an assessment activity to detect an aspect of a student’s language proficiency that could guide him in his decisions. However, in this English language proficiency test an educator rarely involve students in the designing of the test. According to Spodek & Saracho (2006), this test is effective in promoting accountability for students’ progress as well as monitoring this progress. The formative part of this test has been effective in monitoring the progress of the students. Summative part on the other hand has been promoting the accountability for students’ learning among the educators. Mo reover, this English language proficiency test has been effective in categorizing students according to their levels of English language proficiency. However, according to Stiggins (2007), this English language proficiency test has been categorizing students into two categories, which are those on the winning streak and those on the losing streak. Those on the losing streak have become de-motivated and thus failing to succeed in education thus the requires a review in order to reverse the trend. Several reviews applicable to the test that can avoid drawbacks exist. One review is through inviting students in the creating and interpreting the results of the test. This could enable the students to monitor their learning and levels of achievements, as a result, all of them would be more motivated to learn. Another crucial review is involving students in keeping records concerned with the test. This would enable the student to know and understand his changes in performance levels. As a r esult, students would be able to monitor their improvements. The other important review is improvement in the test development. English language test could be reviewed to become purpose driven and effective in results delivery (Abedi, 2007). This could be achieved through a collaborative effort between the educators, students, and other stakeholders. Undertaking these reviews would make the test more effective, thus giving it an ability to overcome most of its drawbacks. Alternative assessment formats Five

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Genetically modified (GM) foods, a fairly recent development that came about from research in genetic engineering, pose a potential threat to human and environmental health. The basis of genetically modifying foods is the transferal of desirable genetic traits of plants to an agricultural crop. Genetic modification creates crops that are resistant to herbicides or can repel insects. Genetic modification also makes growing crops easier and allows for higher production rates. Anytime genetically altered crops are consumed by humans, the GM crops should be subjected to rigorous testing to assure that it is safe for human consumption and safe for the environment. When it comes to the environment and human safety, one cannot be too cautious. Some say that further safety testing of GM foods is not necessary because there is no evidence of GM foods being unsafe (Cockburn 2002). The truth is that the public does not yet trust that genetically modified foods are completely safe (Harlander 2002). The only way to convince the public that GM foods are safe and to create a market for GM foods is to perform further safety tests, such as a human study or controlled experiments. I propose that you fund this necessary and fundamental testing to ensure that GM foods are safe for the environment and for human consumption in order to help create a market for this life-improving product. Genetically modified crops were first commercially introduced in the United States in 1996; and by 2001 24% of the corn, 63% of the soybeans, and 64% of the cotton being grown in the U. S. were genetically modified varieties (Harlander 2002). Through genetic engineering, scientists have created varieties of crops that are insect-resistant, virus resistant, and herbicide tolerant. These qualities allow for improved yield and reduced use of potentially dangerous pesticides, as well as improved weed control reduced crop injury, reduction in foreign matter, reduced fuel use, and significant reduction in soil erosion. All of these consequences seem to be beneficial for the human race and the environment. It is important to prove to the public that GM foods are safe so that such a beneficial technology will not be under-utilized. In the United States, three government agencies are involved in the approval of genetically modified crops. These three agencies are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Harlander 2002). These agencies are responsible for ensuring that the GM crops are safe for the environment and for human consumption. More specifically, the USDA ensures that the GM crops are safe to grow, the EPA makes sure that the GM crops are safe for the environment, and the FDA ensures that the products are safe to eat (Harlander 2002). The three agencies put the genetically modified crops through rigorous environmental and food safety assessments before they can be commercialized. However, Susan Harlander reminds the scientific community an effective food safety evaluation system minimizes risk, but it is important to remember that food is not inherently safe (2002). Tampering with the genetics of a crop increases the possibility of that crop being dangerous to the environment or to human health. Bettie Sue Masters, PhD, states, All evidence to date indicates that any breeding technique that alters a plant or animal, whether by genetic engineering or other methods, has the potential to create unintended changes in the quality or amounts of food components that could harm health (qtd. in Panasevich 2004). It is highly likely that this lack of inherent safety is a reason why the public is so cautious about the acceptance of GM foods. The key to diminishing the publics fear of GM foods is to extend the safety evaluation process. Consumers have two main concerns about genetically modified foods: first, that GM foods are unsafe to eat; and second, that their cultivation will harm the environment (Gasson 2001). Currently the most widely used safety evaluation process is called substantial equivalence. Michael Gasson and Derek Burke discuss substantial equivalence: Substantial equivalence recognizes the fact that conventional foods have been eaten by many people over a long period of time and have an established and accepted level of safety. Genetic modification involves the introduction of a limited amount of change and substantial equivalence uses a comparative approach to reveal both intended and unintended differences between a genetically modified (GM) food and its conventional counterpart. (Gasson 2002) If the genetically modified food is substantially equivalent to, or similar to, its conventional counterpart, then it is generally regarded as safe. Thus far substantial equivalence has been effective, but as genetically modified foods become more and more complex there is no guarantee that this method will continue its success. More in-depth testing is required to ensure the safety of future GM foods. Genetically modified crops should be tested on living subjects in addition to applying the substantial equivalence method. Animals or human volunteers are essential in proving the safety of the genetically modified crops already approved by the FDA, EPA, and USDA, in addition to the GM crops to be introduced in the future. The risk of harm to a living being would be low as the GM food would have already passed the substantial equivalence test before being consumed. Long term testing would be able to prove that there are no mal-effects resulting from the consumption of GM foods. While long term testing may seem unappealing, it is a small price to pay for improving the quality of life for a nation. The publics concern extends beyond the effects of GM crops after human consumption all the way to GM crops effects on the environment. Many environmentalists as well as non-affiliated persons think that genetically modified crops have a negative effect on the environment. Traits meant only for agricultural crops can be transferred to other plants through pollination; traits, like being herbicide tolerant or virus-resistant, which would diminish natural and artificial checks and balances on plants (Guebert 2004). The best way to ensure that the GM crops will not harm the environment is to perform experiments and further safety assessments. Convincing the public that genetically modified crops are safe for the environment is pivotal towards creating a market for GM foods and in turn improving quality of life. The testing and assessing of the safety of GM foods that I propose will be divided into two categories: the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment; and the safety of GM foods for human consumption. The testing of the safety of GM crops for the environment must be performed under controlled conditions. Our testing will take place in a greenhouse, where any negative effects will be contained and kept away from the environment. All genetically modified crops would be tested for two factors: whether or not the trait is likely to be passed on to other plants; and what nutrients in the soil the GM crop depletes and how fast it does so. These two factors are essential in proving the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment. If a GM crop passed traits, such as herbicide tolerance or virus-resistance, on to other plant species, it could potentially change the ability of that species to survive and thrive and wreak havoc on the delicate balance of the ecosystem. This risk of upsetting the ecosystem frightens would-be GM food consumers from supporting the industry. In order to test the ability of the genetically modified crop to pass on its genes to another species of plant, it would be planted for two growing seasons in the presence of varying plant species found around the agricultural United States. The soil will be tested for nutrients before and after each growing season in order to keep track of the nutrient depletion rate. Any genetically modified crop that depleted the soil of essential nutrients at an abnormally fast rate would be rejected. A genetically modified crops failure to pass any of the tests or assessments would not be approved, thereby leaving no reason for the public to fear for the safety of the environment on account of the GM foods on the market. To test the safety of GM foods for human consumption, a comparative study must be performed. In order for the study to be effective and result in usable data, several hundred human volunteers will need to participate. The volunteers will be divided into two groups. The first group will be asked to incorporate a specific genetically modified food into their everyday diet. The second group will be asked to incorporate the conventional counterpart of the same GM food into their diet. The study will last for 2 months with the participants receiving weekly physicals to check for any changes in health. A change in negative change in health in a number participant from group one, the group consuming a GM food, would indicate that the genetically modified food is playing a role in the deterioration. The GM food in question would then either be taken off of the market or subjected to further testing, depending on the extent of the data acquired from the study. With this study in place, consumers would feel much more comfortable purchasing, and creating a market for, genetically modified foods. By proving that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and for the environment, we are proving to the public that there is no cause for fear. In the absence of fear, consumers will no longer object to buying GM foods resulting in a market for genetically modified foods. The increase in demand for GM foods will result in more research and development and bring advances in GM technology. Genetically modified foods have the potential to improve the quality of life of people all over the world, and it would be a shame to let this technology go to waste. If you give us this grant, there will be numerous benefits that can come from our work. Please consider the well-being of the people that will be helped by our work while you are making your decision. Thank you. Works Cited Cockburn A. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J Biotechnol. 2002; 98 (1): 79-106. Harlander SK. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view. Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30 (1): 132-134. Gasson M, Burke D. Scientific perspectives on regulating the safety of genetically modified foods. Nat Rev Genet. 2001; 2 (3): 217-222. Guebert A, Cousins D. Welcome to the world of unintended consequences. Farmers Weekly 2004; 141 (9): 64. Panasevich CL. Risk assessment urged for genetically modified foods. Nations Health. 2004; 34 (7): 25.

Understanding Indigenism: Building A Different Future for Us All :: Essays Papers

Understanding Indigenism: Building A Different Future for Us All â€Å"Defining one’s ‘culture’ is a life long process,† according to Indian rights activist Norman DesCampe of the Grand Portage Chippewa Tribe. â€Å"You have to live it.† Today, the life long process of understanding indigenous cultures is limited by terms of â€Å"cultural survival.† The ability of future generations to define themselves as Inuit or Kayapo is threatened as their natural environments and social integrity is hurt by government negligence: indigenous cultures must be protected under a political structure that allows the people to live as they choose to live, outside of the transformative power of established nation-states, and the assumptions of these powers. Thus, international organizations must actively ensure the rights of impoverished indigenous â€Å"states within states†: The right to â€Å"exchange equitably† (Rose 234) as autonomous states with nation states is the basis for the new politically explosive global phenomenon (Neisen 1) of indigenous sovereignty and cultural autonomy. However, in Western government, â€Å"native peoples are in the way because they are thought to undermine the state- whichever state they find themselves in- because of their struggle to maintain their own ways of life† (Wolfe, â€Å"Tribes†). Because they present economic challenges to land use and resource exploitation, indigenous peoples share sufferings under political oppression, deracination and racism and are, as in the case of Australian Aborigines, the â€Å"poorest of the poor.† Destroyed by a â€Å"rhetoric of hate,† genocide and mass murder are the tools of nation states to control the unwanted obstacles in economic development (Niezen 55). Colonialism transformed the indigenous life of the Yanomami, the Maasai, the Hawai’ians, the Aborigines and hundreds of other indigenous peoples. Industrialization moved humanity beyond the â€Å"world in which people mattered to a world in which they are expendable† (Wolfe). Today, still entrenched in the imperialistic ideology of colonialism by modern forms of globalization, nation states noisily quarrel over the rights to exploit both land and people for economic power without regard to indigenous existence. Non-Hawaiian haoles crudely render false historical interpretations of their â€Å"settler society† as a blessed yoke of â€Å"civilization† to the pitiful â€Å"feudal† Hawaiians (Trask). Some indigenous people attempt to assimilate, as â€Å"for years [one Aboriginal man] had ‘sweetened’ himself up just like tea, trying to make himself and others understood [to invading Western cultures]’† but â€Å"‘nothin g been come back. Just nothing’† (Rose 195). Without political muscle, indigenous people are forced to promote ecologically harmful projects, such as hydroelectric dam proposals, to survive within the paradigm of the Western world.

Inadequate Qualified Nurses Essay

HealthCare industry in United States and across the globe carried so much responsibility that they are often referred to as â€Å"god† because of the relevance, power and most importantly, their job as lifesaver. Health Care industry is a very lucrative industry in United States and they constitute the large workforce. Despite of all their numerous duties and the entire good job, they are doing, â€Å"The problem Lies Within: Inadequate Qualified Personnel. Health Care industries in United States constitute of a large workforce and most importantly, it is an essential service that carries duty non-stop. The inadequacy of the Nurses, the qualified ones, have been blamed on many factors such as working environment, societal attitude about the profession, to mention but few. The shortage of Nurse appears to be heading towards a path of decline unless an urgent measure is taken to address the situation. That not only the majority of nursing professional are aging but many young people are choosing other careers. This could be because of the hours of work put into the job, as well as the stress involved. In view of this, the experienced among them are opting out and look for less stressful and more lucrative careers. According to the statement, by the House of Education and Workforce Committee, â€Å"The nursing workforce is aging and there are not enough new nurses entering the profession to replace those retiring or leaving† (Heinrich, 2001). A survey conducted shows that half of the current employed RNs by the Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals had considered leaving the patient care field for reasons other than retirement over the past two years (Heinrich, 2001). The implications is that less qualified personnel will be handling most of the health issues which is very dangerous and most importantly all the administrators and other facilities will be affected. Meanwhile, the economy will be affected as well as social issues. The statistical rates of the birth and death rate will be affected as well. The Death rate according to the statistical data released by the United States Census bureau shows a significant increase in death rate since 2008. Most aged people and our seniors will have to be the ones that bear the great effect of this, as they need the attention as well as the touch of our Nurses. The shortage of Nurses is the issue that affects anyone who is a provider or consumer of healthcare services in United States. From the foregoing, it is clear that â€Å"Problem Exists†- Inadequate Qualified Nurses. There is no problem without a remedy or a solution. Having identified the problem, the next thing is to look for the ways out. The first thing is to improve the working conditions and the workplace environment; government should encourage the students with tuition assistance and grants as this would serve as a motives for the intended ones who will like to enroll in nursing school, though the present administration have promised to invest in education and training, this is a good step in a right direction. We should also develop a strategy for awareness and respect for the profession; this they can do to uplift the profession. Government should invest in this noble venture as well and thereby encouraging people to have an interest in the profession. There should be incentives to the new and old among them, as this would put a stop to frequent occupational mobility moving from one job to other. The incentives such as tuition reimbursement, employee’s stock purchase plan, and other incentives that improve the working environment. Finally, improving the workplace environment starts from within the profession itself. We have to take pride in whatever we are doing and this is very significant as willingness to do things come from the inside and not when someone are forced or coerced to do so. References Heinrich, J (2001, July 10). Emerging nurse shortages due to multiple factors. FDCH government account reports. Retrieved from http://ehostvgw20.epnet.com Nursing Shortage: It is likely to get worse before it gets better (Electronic Version) (2001 August) Occupational Health Management, 11(8). 85 The Evolving Nursing Shortage: A Study of Nursing Shortage in America Retrieved from: http://www.ayatravelnursingjobs.com/nursingshortage/ Facts on the Nursing Shortage in North America: Why is there a Nursing Shortage? Retrieved from: http://www.nursingsociety.org/Media/Pages/shortage.aspx

Sexuality, Gender, Masculinity And Status - 1334 Words

In ancient Rome there was no notion of sexuality because sexuality is a modern concept, so there was no term for labeling one’s sexual preference. Instead, in ancient Rome, there was only sexual desire and inclination. Only specific sexual acts could be categorized and assessed because there was no term for a person’s sexual orientation as either homosexual or heterosexual. Humans inherently differ in sexual preferences in many ways. One of which is liking a specific sex of partners, yet this not necessarily the most significant difference in sexual preferences.1 In ancient Rome a male citizen could perform sex acts, under certain circumstances, with the gender he preferred, without fear of ridicule. Society was less concerned with the gender or age of a man’s sexual partners than with the perception of the masculinity of all male partners involved. Other things were more important than gender when it came to sex, such as penetration, masculinity and status. To exemplify that society was less concerned with the gender of a man’s sexual partners than the perception of masculinity, I will evaluate masculinity in ancient Rome, the social hierarchy of being the receptive versus penetrative partner, laws, cinaedus, effeminacy and pathics, pederasty, slavery and prostitution. The perception of men’s masculinity was such an integral part of Roman society that it was insulting to be considered not masculine if you were a freeborn man. The reason for Roman society’s obsession withShow MoreRelatedSexuality Is Defined By Sexual Orientation1538 Words   |  7 PagesSexuality is defined by â€Å"sexual orientation or preference† as well as the ability to understand the capacity of sexual desires. Same sex sexuality refers to sexual orientation also, but one’s preference towards someone of their same gender and the â€Å"erotic thoughts, feelings and behaviours† they assign to those of the same sex. Cultural ly, same sex sexuality is not always based on sexual ideals, acts that could be defined as being homosexual and appealing to those with same sex sexuality, oftenRead MoreWestern Culture s Ideal Beauty Type963 Words   |  4 Pagesthe product advertised, the commercial also reinforces traditional views of masculinity, sexuality and beauty. Through the depiction of the man as the womanizing, adventurer and the woman as a passive, sexual being the Axe Campaign uses conventional portrayals of gender roles in order to sell their product. In this paper, the commercial will be analyzed as it supports traditional views on beauty, sexuality and masculinity. This advertisement reinforces the western culture s ideal beauty type. TheRead MoreEssay Gender and Sexuality1240 Words   |  5 Pages Gender has been around throughout history; however, within recent years, gender has separated itself from the traditional view of sex, e.i., male or female, and has become centered on ones masculinity or femininity. Of course gender is more than just ones masculinity or femininity, gender has become a way for one to describe, he or she, in a way in which they are different from everyone else. Gender has turned into a sense of identity, a way for one to feel different and fulfilledRead MoreGeek Masculinity And Its Effects On Society836 Words   |  4 Pagesclass boys to gain status by exalting their masculinity where they can have access to power, status, and prestige. As a result, subcultures glorify traits associated with males such as toughness, delinquency and bravery all the while demeaning traits associated with femininity. T his phenomenon is known as the cult of masculinity, which puts females into a â€Å"structured secondariness†. There is a male privilege among subculturists because of this cult of masculinity. Nerd masculinity in online gamingRead MoreBeing A Normal White American834 Words   |  4 Pagesfull performance of masculinity (or femininity). In their portrayals, the American characters’ masculinity or femininity are not fully performed due to their inability to achieve their roles in gender and sexuality. For instance, in season two, 38 years old bachelor, Jason who passed his ideal age to get married lives with his father without a proper job, only just re-selling used products on eBay. Until he met his partner, Cassia via Facebook, he remained his bachelor status for a long time withRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesone should be forced to live by what are claimed to be traditional norms and gender roles due to Christianity’s influence on society. We live in a society where one should be free to choose what religion they would like to practice or not and most of all, one should be free to express one’s sexuality without facing tragedies and feelings of oppression due to society’s rules, guidelines, regulations, definition of masculinity, and normality. In this paper, I will be analyzing both Kelly Oliver and JamesRead MoreThe, You re A Fag : Masculinity And Sexuality1399 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is masculinity? Answers m ay vary depending on who you may ask, C.J. Pascoe’s ethnography titled Dude, You’re A Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School targets high school as being the important location where the term masculinity is asserted, defended and defined by the students who roam the halls of River High. High school is a difficult time for anyone, especially when we bring up the ideals of sexuality and gender identity, all topics which are explored in this ethnography. PascoeRead MoreHigh School : Gender And Gender Identity1681 Words   |  7 Pagesa challenging thing to deal with especially if sexuality and gender identity are in the process. Students who are male or female are exploring in a smart and insightful ways. During C.J. Pascoe’s eighteen months of observation in a racially assorted high school, â€Å"Dude, You re a Fag† shows new light on masculinity both as a field of meaning and as a set of social practices. C. J. Pascoe s unusual approach questions masculinity as not only a gender process but also a sexual one. She proves how theRead MoreExamining Sub-Cultures: The Goth Culture1665 Words   |  7 Pagesthat have been instilled in humanity, with the consideration that this varies across cultures. The paradigm between collective action and individual desire results in the formation of what is deemed socially acceptable, such as gender roles, sexual orientation, gender performance etc. â€Å"It is social norms that provide the constraints by which the interaction between the basic dyad of self and other is governed†¦social norms also provide the source of identity between the individual action, the completeRead MoreThe Feminization Of Love, By Francesca M. Cancian Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesthan men and puts pressure on men to maintain a standard of masculinity, just like in the 19th century. Below we will not only explore the â€Å"feminization of love† as discussed in class, but also expand on how it has made an impact on sexual expectations of men and women and how this relates to the sexual stigmatization of casual sex. In â€Å"The Feminization of Love† (1986), Francesca M. Cancian explains how the social construction of gender has manipulated the heterosexual, American perspective of love

The Nazis And The Nazi Regime - 1729 Words

The Nazis, who came to power with the leader Adolf Hitler in Germany in January 1933, believed in a radical â€Å"genetic† restricting of society where ethnic cleansing of Jews was the main priority. Nazi regime wanted to make German Aryan race â€Å"superior† and the Jews were considered â€Å"inferior† within German racial community. The Holocaust was state-sponsored organized oppression and homicide of six million Jews by the Nazi regime. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups, and the process involved, the sterilization of those thought to be social misfits, the killing of the disabled, homosexuals and Roma, the enslaving of Slavs and the selective dispensing of welfare according to interpretations of â€Å"genetic worth† (Finaldi, 96). After Nazis took over the government in Germany, their National Socialist government established concentration camps for their political opponents. However, before the outbreak o f war, Nazi officials started using these camps for incarceration of Jews, and other victims of racial and ethnic hatred. Millions of innocent people were murdered just because of their ethnic or racial differences, however, thousands were lucky enough to survive from Nazi tyranny. Schindler’s List by Steven Spielberg is one of the greatest films that has ever been filmed. It emphasizes the characteristics of Nazi regime, and not only portrays the Holocaust, but it also awakens human emotions and gives hope to the humanity. The entire filmShow MoreRelatedThe Nazi Regime959 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise of the Nazi regime in Germany in the early part of the 20th century was an impressive, and nearly unforeseen incident that had long-lasting implications on the rest of the Western world. While the Nazi party was extreme in their ideologies, the circumstances in which they came to power were dire; Germany had been crippled by a massive depression and was being forced to pay reparations through the â€Å"Young Plan† which required Germany to pay the Allied forces â€Å"a series of annual payments extendingRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nazi Regime In this essay I will be analyzing the statement; The most important reason why there was little opposition towards the Nazi regime was because of its use of propaganda. In order to do this I will explain how the Nazis actions and the events leading up to the war prevented opposition. During the pre ww2 era and particularly in the 1930s Hitler focused a lot of his attention on the propaganda surrounding himself and the policies of his Nazi partyRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Regime1552 Words   |  7 Pagesread: People Who Made History; Adolf Hitler, and I have to say this book was rather interesting. This book gave a lot of background and history to Adolf’s childhood, along with his military strategies, as well as his rise and fall as leader of the Nazi regime. This book was incredibly descriptive, and passionately written, even though it was a fact based book one really feel like they could see into the mind of Adolf Hitler. As horrible of a person he was, his ambition was probably one of the most terrifyingRead MoreHitler s Influence On The Nazi Regime2026 Words   |  9 PagesTo assess the popularity of the Nazis one must first establish the meaning of popularity and in what ways it can be assessed. Popularity in this instance is support and conformity to the Nazi regime. This essay will span from Hitler and the party’s early days in the Burgerbraukeller in Munich up to t he death of the regime in 1945. The evidence used will span from Hitler’s own words in ‘Mein Kampf’ to the masses of propaganda left behind upon the regimes collapse. The biggest historiographical debateRead MoreHitler s Propaganda For The Nazi Regime2037 Words   |  9 Pagespropaganda for the Nazi regime in 1933-1945? The definition of propaganda is ‘information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view’. The Nazis used propaganda as a method to spread their views and to encourage the Germans to support Hitler. Some of the main themes of propaganda was to demonise groups of people (races, religions e.c.t); to portray Hitler as a strong and powerful leader; to emphasise the values of Nazi Germany andRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Used Propaganda Posters1783 Words   |  8 Pages The Nazi regime used propaganda posters to primarily expose the German people to a new way of thinking. In charge of distributing and overseeing the creation of a majority of the propagandist posters was Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels. Born in Rheydt, Germany he created and ran the Third Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. There, his goal was to play upon the hopes, fears, and frustrations of the German people. Then, he wished to harness those same emotions to spark a German movementRead MoreEssay on The History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime4399 Words   |  18 PagesThe History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime In the Second World War, a man named Adolph Hitler, the leader of the infamous Nazi regime, had a plethora of things on his mind. From guarding the stricken land of Poland against Soviet advancement, to making sure the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean in France were closely guarded, Hitler had much to worry about. Unfortunately, it was during Hitler’s reign when a most horrible atrocity took place. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in aRead MoreThe Nazi Regime Was Defined By Its Fascism Policies1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazi regime was defined by its fascism policies in Germany that had on huge implications on the country s socio-political and economic settings. The National sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi) evolved from the German Worker s Party. Adolf Hitler was the man behind the establishment of the Nazi party into the German political system as he rose to power in the late 1920s. He was the leader of the Nazi party. The party came to being from the Weimar Republic, which came about after GermanyRead MoreThe Nazi Regime During Hitler s Reign1759 Words   |  8 PagesThe term â€Å"Third Reich† is another phrase used to describe the Nazi Regime when Adolf Hitler was in power in Germany from January 30th, 1933, to May 8th, 1945. With the Nazis rise to power they built the foundation of the Third Reich . Homosexuals were classified as a minori ty group by the Nazis in contrast to â€Å"normal† people in society. The Homosexuals were treated in an immoral and inhumane manner by the barbaric Nazi Regime. In almost every case when they were caught they would be arrested, deportedRead MoreJehovah s Witnesses During The Nazi Regime1258 Words   |  6 PagesAll you have to do is sign this document and all your suffering and pain will end, now will you sign, or not? This is a decision that many of Jehovah’s Witnesses during the Nazi Regime faced. What did this document contain? It stated that they would abandon their beliefs and faith in Jehovah God and pledge loyalty to the man behind their persecution of not only them, but also persecutor of the gypsies, Jews, and other groups of people he hated, he was Adolf Hitler. Jehovah’s Witnesses had a number

The Leadership Role Model Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.

ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY W.P. CAREY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MGT 440: LEADING ORGANIZATION GROUP CASE ANALYSIS- LEADERSHIP ROLE MODELS Submitted By : Cole Kennedy Andrew Nguyen Mia Harbaugh Keaton Aliabadi Maame Kwamah Otsieku Baah Submitted to: Professor Taylor Carr Date: September 5, 2017 1.0 Introduction This write-up focuses on the leadership role model analysis of Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK), Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), and Mark Zuckerberg. Each of these leaders are extraordinary in their own rights and in each of the leaders’ analysis.The analysis highlights why they are role models, their key personal attributes, how these attributes contributed to their leadership and successes and and the dominant and (possibly) secondary†¦show more content†¦He communicated this vision so effectively that his followers who bought into this vision. His speech, actions, and campaigns reflected this dream. 2.2.3 Ability to collaborate - Dr. King inspired his followers with his vision so much so that 250,000 people risk their lives to participate in the historic march to Washington on August 28, 1963.In his speech, he took time to acknowledge the sacrifices of his followers and call on more followers to join the cause. Because he understood that he needed the collaboration of the masses to achieve his vision. During private meetings, MLK fostered collaboration by remaining quiet and listening to the views of his followers and allowing their ideas, contributions, and criticisms. It is of this quality he could find a common ground to unite his vision with that of his followers. 2.2 Leadership Style According to the originator of this theory James MacGregor Burns, transformational leadership is a mutual process of engagement between leaders and followers in pursuing a significant change in status quo. In expanding this theory below are three main descriptions of transformational leadership and why MLK is associated with it 2.2.1 Transformational leaders challenge the status quo – One prominent part of MIK vision was to achieve racial equality through non-violence. He refused to protest using violence and taught his followers toShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagescollectively (Pinker, 2004). This paper aimed to observed the life of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. through concepts, approaches and theories of development. Hereditary and environmental influences, milestones and the impact of diversity concerning King’s cognitive, physical and social-emotional development is offered. Furthermore, classical and contemporary theories from Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget were applied to analysis King’s life. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development include 4 stages: SensorimotorRead MoreLeadership Styles And Activism Of African American Women1026 Words   |  5 Pagesmost often comes to one’s mind is Martin Luther King Jr. Others may mention James Forman, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, James Farmer, Andrew Young, or Bayard Rustin. Notably missing are the names of women leaders. Rarely would Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Gloria Richardson, Daisy Bates, or Fannie Lou Hamer be identified. The absence of the women leaders of the civil rights movement from hi story is not because there were not any, but because the type of leadership they performed is often overlookedRead MoreLeadership Assignment1811 Words   |  8 Pagesthis paper, I will choose Martin Luther King Jr and Sam Walton as the two examples to analyze, compare and contrast, in order to have a more thorough and deep understanding of their leadership styles and, therefore, present my opinion on choosing the more effective leader. This paper will include a short summary of typical life events of the two leaders and analysis of some similarities and differences between them. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR (1929-1968) Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in AtlantaRead MoreA Comprehensive Information About The Life Of Martin Luther King Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pages Martin Luther King Name of Writer: Name of Institution:  The purpose of this research paper is to provide the comprehensive information about the life of Martin Luther King. This paper provides the deep analysis of different aspects of a life of king along with the comprehensive detail on different movements which he starts during his lifetime to achieve freedom. The whole life achievements of the Martin Luther King is clearly explaining in this paper so that the reader give the comprehensiveRead MoreThe Great Man By Martin Luther King, Jr., And Winston Churchill2364 Words   |  10 PagesAnalyzing Leadership From the vantage point of the present, it is easy to look back at the tenure of any great leader and draw conclusions about just what it was that made him/her great. We can examine the circumstances under which their leadership flourished; piece together what we know of their character and personality traits; delve into the factors that may have driven them; and dissect their leadership style all in an effort to pinpoint the source of their success. The ‘Great Man’ theory,Read MoreA Comparison Between Booker T. Washington (19th century) and Martin Luther King Jr. (20th century)5383 Words   |  22 Pagesprivate railroad cars and stayed in good hotels. Any number of historic moments in the civil rights struggle have been used to identify Martin Luther King, Jr. -- prime mover of the Montgomery bus boycott, keynote speaker at the March on Washington, youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate. But in retrospect, single events are less important than the fact that King, and his policy of nonviolent protest, was the dominant force in the civil rights movement during its decade of greatest achievement, fromRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Mccarthyism1862 Words   |  8 PagesGenerally, Christians and Christianity in the Roman epic films of the 50s and 60s were utilized to characterize protagonists opposing tyrannical Roman antagonists; the role of Christians and the polarity in the films becomes less explicit to fit historical accuracy and changing contemporary politics. This essay will analyze the general role of Christians and their gradually subdued explicit presence through time in the movies, Quo Vadis (Zimbalist 1951), Ben-Hur (Z imbalist 1959), Spartacus (Douglas 1960)Read MoreAdvantages Of Authentic Leadership Style2102 Words   |  9 Pages4 Advantages and disadvantages of authentic leadership Authentic leadership, although still a new theory, has been closely reviewed and analysed. Many of its proponents focus on the positive advantages the leadership style can provide to an organisation, while critics point out to some obvious failings in the approach. Let’s turn out attention to both arguments. Advantages of authentic leadership One of the first benefits of authentic leadership is the enhanced relational engagement it bringsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence and Empathy in Leadership Essay example1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe study of emotional intelligence and empathy within their business leadership programs. Empathy is defined as, â€Å"the feeling that you understand and share another persons experiences and emotions: the ability to share someone elses feelings,† (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Emotional intelligence and empathy will be observed throughout this paper as a result of two separate studies, each were conducted with regard to leadership. Please note that the first article focuses on these issues through aRead MoreThe Black Panther Party s Legacy2084 Words   |  9 PagesThey were an organization in bloom looking to create solidarity and heal within the black community by whatever means necessary. The Black Panther Party is believed to be a revolutionary force that has helped shape movements of today. Within this analysis we would like to unearth the history of the Black Panther Party including its origins, their struggles, ultimate demise, and contributions to movements of the contemporary world. We feel that it is important to rediscover this information because

Poetry Reading Response Assignment Essay Example For Students

Poetry Reading Response Assignment Essay Poetry Reading Response Assignment Select a book length collection of contemporary poetry by one or more poets, or put together your own collection of 20+ poems; at least half of them must be contemporary (1960 to present) and a maximum of 3 can come from song lyrics, childrens poets, non-professionals, or anonymous authors. Read the collection you select, and narrow down to 10 poems you Like enough to reread several times and respond to. List the 10+ poems you choose not to respond to on one page. For the 10 you Eke best, identify the poet, title, and source as you respond using the guidelines low. Be sure some of the ten you choose for response are contemporary. You may choose either of the following methods of organizing your responses: Method #1 : This method works best if something is tying your selected poems together, I. E. They are all by the same poet or only two deferent poets, they are unified thematically or by subject, or they are all of the same sub-genre or pattern or perhaps only two different sub-genres or patterns. For this method list; your ten poems, poets, and sources on a separate Initial page. Then address your responses by the following objects, and use specific titles to illustrate your more general comments in each area. Be sure to use some details concerning each of your ten poems. Write 3-5 typed pages. Making sure to address all 5 of the following topics and discuss all 10 poems: R-1 Content/lades/purposelessness (What does the poem mean to you? What do you think the poet is trying to communicate with his/her audience? What thematic ideas can you identify? ) R-2 Large-Scale Techniques (Focus on the poem as a wholesub-genre or pattern as sonnet, haiku, Belleville, etc. Type of poem as lyric, narrative, dramatic; visual format; meter; rhyme scheme, freezers, blank verse; organization; speaker Identification point of view; tone, mood, setting, and atmosphere; humor, irony, satire; dialogue, dialect; etc. R-3 Small-Scale Techniques (Focus on language and individual linesfigurative language as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, metonymy; sensory imagery concrete detail; sound devices as alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme, slant rhyme, internal rhyme; diction and connotation; humor, irony, satire; dialogue, dialect; etc. R-4 Favorite Passages Commentary (Include quotes and page #gs) Copy the passages and discuss why you selected these passages. Analyze the passages and R-5 Personal Response, Evaluation, Application to your own writing (Give yourself advice for working in this particular genre. Whenever possible address specific writings in progress. ) Method #2: This method works best if you have selected 10 different poems with little or no connection. Begin by identifying the poet, title, and source of each new poem. Then respond to each of the 10 poems separately. Address as many of the following issues as possible in responding to each poem separately. Make connections to previous poems discussed as you proceed whenever possible.

Develop Training Program

Question: Discuss the outline of a Half-Day (Off-the-job) training program, on-the-job training initiatives and reasons on the chosen methods. Answer: Outline of a Half-Day (Off-the-job) training program It has to be realized that investing in employees additional trainings and not necessarily always directly linked to their role in the organization, is extremely valuable. Furthermore investing in employees well being is also important. At the end of the day happy employee is a productive and loyal employee. Of course there are exceptions to the rule, where employees abuse organizational care for employees.It is recommended that the training needs of employees should be meet at One Pound Emporium. It can be said that aknowledge management strategy designed to improve business performance must address behavioral norms and practices, in other words organizational culture where these are essential to effective knowledge use (Kuvaas, 2010). This may explain why organizations in collectivistic cultures such as in Japan readily embrace and utilize knowledge management, whereas in more individualistic cultures like UK, there may be more resistance. There are various ways to design the train ing programs. The training for customer care first and employee values at the heart of excellent customer service would be an informal training in the form of a group discussion among the employees. The specifics of this half-day training can be discussed as: Targeted aim: This would be off-the job training with the aim to increase the communication between workers and improve the workplace dynamics. The targeted aim of this training would be to improve flexibility within the organization (Clardy, 2008). The aim of this training would be to focus on customer relationship management. Learning objectives: This would be an informal event with the objective to increase flexibility in the team members. The employees would be trained to understand the customers expectations and act accordingly. Timings: The timing of this training program would be 11 A.M. to 4 P.M. There would also be a short break from 1 P.M. to 2 P.M. Activities: There would be number of activities that would be performed as part of this training. There would be group discussion, informal chat rooms, short games, etc. There would be power point presentations that would be given with the specific targeted aim and the learning objectives (Ramachandran, 2011). There would be seven power-point presentations for different topics like team dynamics, flexibility, work place dynamics, etc. Assessment: There would be an assessment performed after the training is completed. This assessment would be in the form of a quiz. The quiz or the assessment would have 20 multiple-choice questions. The objective of this assessment would be to judge the learning and knowledge gain by employees (Corbridge, 2010). A sample of questions in the assessment can be discussed as: Q 1: How would you define the importance of team communication for work environment? Rate from a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being least important and 5 being most important Q2: What is the importance of customer relationship management in the overall organizational policies? Rate from a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being least important and 5 being most important Q3: What is the important of CRM policies in organizational mission and vision ? Rate from a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being least important and 5 being most important Training feedback evaluation form: It is important that every training should have a feedback evaluation form. The evaluation form that would be used for this training can be shown as: Name of the candidate/ trainee Date of Birth Contact Details (Phone number and email-id) Address Designation in the company Number of years of experience in the company Did you find training useful? What did you gain from the training? What were the shortcomings or the weakness of the training? How could this training program be further improved? Would you prefer to attend any similar training in the future? Any other comments/ suggestions/ issues/ concerns? On-the-job training initiatives There would be significant difference sin the off-the-job training and on-job training. The on-the-job training would focus more on the continuous improvement. Whereas, the off-job training was more of one time activity that would happen at regular intervals. The three on-the-job training initiatives for the employees of at One Pound Emporium can be discussed as: First Initiative: Classroom training and session from senior management In an organization, the senior management is the most experience people. It is important that the senior management should cascade their learning experience to employees. The senior managers of the firm should explain the learning from their success and from their failure. Woodrow (2014) argued that the richest learning experience could be achieved from failure. He criticizes the way managers reward success and look down upon failure as something that can be detrimental to the long-term health of the organization. Second Initiative: Practical training with role-plays The customer satisfaction could be achieved only when employees understand the issues of customers. The on job training must include the role-play where management would act as customers and employees would be trained (Bach, 2001). There are a lot of theories, which describe the learning management for the organization and the organization knowledge managementsso far "Modern theorists of management practice argue that knowledge is key for long term competitive advantage in modern economy. Currently available models, which describe knowledge creation, are mainly incomplete due to unevenly distributed support for specific aspects of these models (Constandse, J.M., 2013). I am personally agree with the theory that mention that the organization learning and organizational knowledge is the key as much as the key is important we still need to plan what next and here is the value of the knowledge and how to use id in the development process. So, its a complete cycle of process that supporti ng each other and also developing each other toward the final planned strategically goals. Third initiative: Training with peers The absolute level of customer satisfaction could be achieved only when employees also understand the skills and competencies of their peers. The organization has multiple stores. Therefore, the employees must also learn to work in virtual teams. The best-fit approach would suggest that organizations need to move with the times and use virtual teams, especially if that is what competitors are doing. The best-practice model would also drive the use of such teams if it means that performance will be enhanced (Armstrong, 2009). As the resource-based view places great focus upon thepeopleof the organization, it would be considered vital to do what is best for the employee, and if allowing for a virtual set-up means getting the best people on board, virtual teams would be supported. Reasons on the chosen methods The objective of the above initiative is to focus on the competency of employees. While executing core competencies such has high communication skills, self and business awareness, the responsibility of HR managers was also to change their role's perception seen by their non-HR counterparts by way of deploying their strategies by way of these core competencies; thus becoming credible champions of their role. The main advantage and disadvantages of the recommended training methods can be discussed as: Method Advantage Disadvantage Classroom training and session from senior management 1.Direct communication and interaction between senior management and employees 2. Effective and efficient model of training as employees can directly present their concerns to management (Graf, 2007) 1. The fulfillment of this training would require infrastructure like classrooms etc. 2. The productive time of senior management would be used for other purpose Practical training with role-plays 1. It would help to analyze the practical nature of the problem 2. Involvement of various stakeholders 1. Different employees can have their own perception of role play 2. Time consuming and costly Training with peers 1. It would help to increase the communication between all the employees of organization 1. It could increase the chances of conflicts between the team members The above training objectives could be achieved if the organization can focus on HR strategies. One of the difficult tasks for management of One Pound Emporium would be to evaluate and assess the benefit of training programs (Bonder, 2011). The assessment and evaluation would be effective only when the organization has a HR strategist. In my opinion, the HR strategist is limited to the frame provided by the organization as such cannot do much where constrained. HR strategy will be efficient when it can be aligned with corporate strategy and drive. The evaluation and assessment of the training would happen at three levels. These levels can be discussed as: Level 1: Self evaluation The first level of evaluation would be self-evaluation. All the workers and employees of the organization that would participate in the training programs would be asked to complete the self-evaluation. Level 2: Evaluation at HR level The second level of evaluation would be at an HRM level. At this level, the HR executives and management would evaluate and assess the training programs. The HR managers can use the metrics like productivity improvement of employees, attrition arte, etc. to assess the success of training programs (Mazvancheryl, 2004). Level 3: Evaluation at management level The third level of evaluation would be at the management level. The senior management of the firm would assess the success of the training program. The management of One Pound Emporium can use the metrics like Customer Satisfaction Index, Employee perception, etc. The HR strategist would also focus on the negative managers and weak management skills in the One Pound Emporium. In an organization, few managers mention lack of delegation, minatory comment, lack of honest feedback and inaccessibility and closed mind as main factors that they especially watch out for in their communications and performance as managers, because of their former bosses. Lauren Stiller (2015), President of Rikleen Institute for Strategic Leadership, support these negative factors that are identified in terrible managers performance, when she recommend leaders to avoid speaking before thinking, negative feedbacks and ignoring the benefits of diversity. The management of One Pound Emporium must realize that skills required to complete the job may never be constant (Hall, 2011). Therefore, it is important that employers should develop a culture where employees can work to update their skills. The management of the company should focus to update the training needs and the training programs at regular interval. It is also recommended that management of One Pound Emporium should include employees to develop continuous training programs. The management must collect feedback from employees and this feedback would help management to develop future strategies and plans. References Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C. Mazvancheryl, S. K. (2004) 'Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value',Journal of Marketing, 68, October, pp. 172-185. Armstrong, M. (2009), A Handbook of Human Resource Practice Management, 11th ed. Kogan Page Bonder, A, Bouchard, C, Bellemare, G 2011, "Competency-Based Management-An Integrated Approach to Human Resource Management in the UK Public Sector",Public Personnel Management,40(1), pp. 1-10, education Research Clardy, A 2008, " The strategic role of Human Resource Develpment in managing core competencie",Human Resource Development International,11(2), pp. 183-197 Dr. Bach, S. (2001)HR and new approaches to public sector management: improving HRM capacity, World Health Org. Geneva, Switzerland [accessed on the 05thFebruary, 2016https://www.who.int/hrh/en/Improving_hrm_capacity.pdf Graf, A 2007,"Changing roles of customers: consequences for HRM",International Journal of ServiceIndustry Management, 18(5), pp. 491-509 Jerald, C.D. (2009)Defining a 21stcentury education. Available at:https://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/Learn-About/21st-Century/Defining-a-21st-Century-Education-Full-Report-PDF.pdf(Accessed: 05 February 2015). Kuvaas, B. Dysvik, A. (2010) 'Does best practice HRM only work for intrinsically motivated employees?',International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 21 (13), pp. 2339-2357 Pilbeam, S. Corbridge, M. (2010)People resourcing and talent planning: HRM in practice. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall International. Ramachandran, R. (2011) 'Professional competence and statistical integrity challenges faced in the small area estimation: A public policy tool development perspective',Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 27, pp. 39-47. Torrington, D., Taylor, S. And Hall, L. (2011), Human Resource Management, 8th ed. FT/Prentice Hall Woodrow, C., Guest, D. E. (2014). When good HR gets bad results: exploring the challenge of HR implementation in the case of workplace bullying.Human Resource Management Journal,24(1), 38-56.

Steel War Essay Example

Steel War Essay Domestic steel firms and the United Steelworkers of America (the steelworkers union) have called this a battle for the future of American steel. It Is a battle that pits many competing domestic and foreign groups against one another: domestic versus foreign steel firms; U. S. Versus foreign governments; as well as steel- producing versus steel-consuming domestic firms. Recent Events In the U. S. Steel Market Exalt 1 and Exhibit 2 show domestic shipments and foreign Imports of steel In the U. S. Market, while Exhibit 3 shows U. S. Employment In the steel Industry. Exhibit 1 totes that steel imports spiked in mid-1998 as a result of worldwide overcapacity during the Asian economic crisis. Exhibits 2 and 3 indicate that steel employment has been falling steadily since the early 1 sass; however, domestic steel shipments have been slowly trending upward. This dichotomy is explained by improving productivity in the Industry. Both domestic shipments and Imports fell In 2001 as a result of sluggish domestic demand during the 2001 recession; however, Imports as a share of total U. S. Apparent supply fell from 22. 3 percent in 2000 to 20. 2 percent in 2001. In mineral, the import share of new supply has remained fairly stable throughout the asses, and actually fell in 2001 relative to recent trend. Thus, although steel production has been hurt by the fall in domestic demand, there has been no recent surge in Imports. U. S. Steel producers point to declines in employment In steel- producing Industries as the reason for the need for Import protection. Recent percent of American steel-producing capacity have filed 02004 by the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. This case was prepared by Professors Anvil AY-Ninjas and Sandmen Baling and research assistant Chris Forman 02. We will write a custom essay sample on Steel War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Steel War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Steel War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 800-545-7685 (or 617-783-7600 outside the United States or Canada) or e-mail [emailprotected] Harvard. Du. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means?electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise?without the permission of the Kellogg School of Management. These behemoths use the rotational combination of blast furnaces, coke ovens, and oxygen furnaces to produce steel from iron ore, coal, and limestone. These firms are famous for large, bureaucratic organizations and highly unionized workforces. Exhibit 4 shows that the cost per ton of these companies remains much higher than their competitors costs. Moreover, the integrated producers are burdened with ruinous legacy costs?the future healthcare and pension benefits steel companies have promised their workforces. Their capacity has fallen to about 60 million tons of capacity from 145 million tons 20 years ago. In contrast, the recent performance of the smaller, younger U. S. Mint-mills has been better. These mint-mills have grown rapidly since they were first introduced in the mid-asses, and in 1999 accounted for roughly 45 percent of U. S. Carbon-steel capacity. These plants are much more efficient than those of the integrated producers; production costs are a fraction of those of the integrated firms. Their workforce is also much smaller than that of the integrated mills?they employ only about 30,000 workers, compared to the roughly 105,000 employed by the integrated producers. Moreover, because these firms produce new tell from used steel, they are relatively insulated from gyrations in the price of steel. Drops in the steel prices impact revenues, but lower steel costs as well. Section 201 Filing injured or threatened with serious injury by increased imports may petition the TIC for import relief. The TIC determines whether the product in question is being imported in sufficient quantities to be a substantial cause of serious injury to the domestic industry. If the commission agrees that the domestic industry is threatened by imports, it makes a recommendation to the president that would permit remedy of he injury and help aid industry adjustment to the import competition. Such recommendations may involve, for example, an increase in duties, imposition of a quota, imposition of a tariff-rate quota, or other trade adjustment assistance. Section 201 does not require the finding of unfair trade practices against foreign firms. However, the commission does require a high standard to find in favor of domestic industry, because it requires that the injury be serious and also that imports be a substantial cause of the serious injury. 2 While it is rare for the JUST to initiate a Section 201 investigation, it is not unprecedented. The JUST made prior requests against apple Juice imports in 1985, stainless steel in 1982, and mushrooms in 1976. Section 201 investigations are not country-specific, and so affect all importers. The commissions findings and remedy recommendations must be forwarded to the president within 180 days of receipt of the request from the JUST. 2 Robert Crandall, Whistling Past Big Steels Graveyard, opinion piece, Wall Street Journal, March 19, 1999. The commission defines substantial cause to mean important and not less than any other cause. KELLOGG SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Arguments Against Import Controls Perhaps the simplest argument against protecting the steel industry is that such policies undermine the global free trade system that the United States has tried to build. Europe is furious over the potential implications of a Section 201 finding. More than a third of its $4 billion in steel exports is at risk. Moreover, protection for U. S. Markets would undoubtedly cause Rupees market to be flooded with diverted steel. In addition to the Europeans, the Brazilian, Russians, Japanese, and many others have lined up to oppose the policy. Many worry that the imposition of steel tariffs November 2001) round of global trade talks at risk. Domestic steel-consuming producers are also furious over the prospect of steel tariffs. Firms such as Emerson Electric, Caterpillar Inc. , and Illinois Tool Works Inc. Have strongly opposed a Section 201 remedy. For firms such as Caterpillar, the concerns are twofold. Higher steel prices raise the cost of producing heavy equipment. Moreover, retaliatory tariff strikes from foreign governments may be directed at Caterpillar equipment. Steel importers and dealers would also be hurt by the imposition of tariffs or quotas. Domestic producers have sponsored a number of studies illustrating the potential costs of steel tariffs. One study that has received notable attention was sponsored by the Consuming Industries Trade Action Coalition (ACTA). The ACTA study estimates that steel tariffs would lead to a loss of between 36,200 to 74,200 U. S. Jobs (depending on tariff size), or eight Jobs for every one steel Job protected. 3 Moreover, the ACTA study indicates steel tariffs would do little to save the domestic industry, calculating domestic steel prices would rise Just 0. 2 to 0. 4 percent while shipments rise 2. 9 to 5. 9 recent. The study estimates that proposed tariff remedies would decrease GAP by $0. Billion to $1. 4 billion per year. Other studies criticize steel industry complaints about foreign subsidies. A report by the American Institute for International Steel (ASSS), a domestic trade group of international importers and exporters of steel, lists the subsidies enjoyed by domestic steel producers. One recent example of how American steel is subsidized comes from the Emergency Steel and Oil and Gas G uaranteed Loan Program Act of 1999, which establishes a program of loan guarantees for steel companies that is estimated to cost up to $1 billion. The Steel and Aluminum Energy Conservation and Technology Competitiveness Act of 1988 provided funding for research and development to increase the competitiveness of steel, at an estimated cost of $155. 4 million. Moreover, many U. S. States provide steel companies with generous incentives to operate in-state. For example, a 1994 Alabama incentive package to Trick Steel Co. Was estimated to cost state taxpayers between $85 million and $112 million. 4 Many economists argue that the biggest danger to domestic integrated steel producers is not foreign steel, but rather U. S. Into-mill producers. As Exhibit 4 shows, U. S. Mint-mill producers are much more efficient than their integrated cousins. Brooking Institute economist Robert Crandall notes that inflation-adjusted steel prices have fallen 40 percent over the last 20 years. He attributes much of this dramatic decline not to foreign steel, but rather to falling input prices and competition from mini-mills. 5 The dramatic declines in steel employment may also be the result 3 Joseph Franà §ois and Laura Bagman, Estimated Effects of Proposed Import Relief Remedies for Steel, study prepared for the Consuming Industries Trade Action Coalition by Trade Partnership Worldwide, LLC, 2001. 4 Robert Matthews, U. S. Steel Industry Itself Gets Billions in Public Subsidies, Study Concludes, Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1999. 5 Robert Crandall, Whistling Past Big Steels Graveyard, The Wall Street Journal, March 3 of mint-mill competition rather than as a result of import competition. For example, when steel quotas were in place from 1984 to 1992, imports as a percentage of new supply fell from 26. 2 percent in 1984 to 17. 2 percent in 1992, while employment in the steel industry over the same period fell by 78,300. Arguments in Favor of Import Controls One common argument for import controls is that foreign governments unfairly subsidize their steel producers, effectively lowering their costs of production. U. S. Steel producers argue that this puts American steel at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace. The American Iron and Steel Institute (ASSAI) argues that more than $100 billion in subsidies had been gi ven to foreign steel makers between 1980 and 1992. The ASSAI maintains that the European Union (ELI) has approved or acknowledged more than $11 billion in governmental assistance to European producers. Pro-steel economists argue that more than 325,000 U. S. Jobs are at risk if the steel industry is not protected. 7 Experts for the steel industry also dispute the credibility of studies that estimate the impact of higher steel prices on downstream industry producers. Noted MIT economist Jerry Houseman has argued that the ACTA study does not reliably estimate the effects of steel tariffs on the U. S. Economy, arguing that a steel price increase of 0. 2 to 0. 4 percent of the sort assumed in the ACTA study would have little effect on the costs of steel-consuming industries. He argues that if, for example, steels share of input costs is 20 percent and steel prices rise by 0. Percent, then (assuming no change in input mix) costs for the steel-consuming firm would increase by 0. 06 percent. Professor Houseman notes, This minor price increase would have almost no effect on demand, especially since demand price elasticity for most goods that use steel are not particularly high. In sum, Professor Houseman notes that a steel price increase of 0. 2 percent to 0. 4 percent would have almost no effect on U. S. Jobs or economic output. 8 The ASSAI goes further, saying, The ACTA and Crandall studies are totally lacking in credibility. They should not be taken seriously by anyone. 9 Ironically, many in the Bush administration argue that protecting American steel will benefit free trade. This is primarily for political reasons. One motive for supporting requires that Congress vote on a trade package without making amendments, allowing the administration to put a trade deal before Congress without it being picked apart line by line. Fast-track authority is considered essential for the administration to negotiate trade deals at the Doth round of international trade talks. The ASSAI argues that loss of the steel industry would have many other negative effects on the U. S. Economy. It contends that failure of the U. S. Steel industry would have a direct impact on Americas national security. It further argues that if the United States were to lose its domestic steel industry, downstream steel-using industries would be harmed, held hostage to the policies and practices of foreign producers who are practiced in the art of cartel behavior. The ASSAI Brink Lindsey, Daniel Griswold, and Aaron Lukas, The Steel Crisis and the Costs of Protectionism, Coat Institute Trade briefing paper, April 16, 1999. 7 Robert Blacker, Jobs at Risk: The Necessity of Effective Relief for the American Steel Industry, position paper, American University, Washington, D. C. 8 Jerry Houseman, Critique of ACTA Study, position paper, January 31, 2 002. 9 The Latest ACTA and Crandall Studies on the Costs and Benefits of Steel Trade Relief: Flawed Models, Biased Conclusions? Again! position paper, American Iron and Steel Institute, January 24, 2002. 4 goes on to say that loss of domestic steel would cause Americas technological leadership to suffer, damage the world environment, and hurt worldwide welfare. Potential Remedies There are several potential remedies the TIC could recommend to protect U. S. Steel. Tariffs and tariff rate quotas (TRY) would protect the steel industry by imposing duties on imported products. Tariffs are simply taxes, reducing imports indirectly by increasing a products price. You have heard from reliable sources that if the TIC commissioners decide to take action, they are considering tariffs in the range of 20 to 40 percent. Trust are tariffs that use a nonlinear taxation scheme to induce imports to remain below a certain level. Under a TRY, imports below some preset level enter the country at a lower tariff level while imports above the target threshold enter at a Quotas reduce imports by setting hard limits on the quantity of imported steel that can enter the country. One proposal has been to limit monthly steel imports from all nations to 1997 levels. These quotas would remain in effect for a period of three years. The imposition of quotas such as these would probably constitute a violation of the U. S. International trading commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTFO). Another possibility would be to negotiate voluntary export restraints, or Ever, with other countries. Under this approach, U. S. Negotiators attempt to persuade foreign overspent to reduce exports to the United States. Of course, EVER are generally not voluntary and also constitute another violation of WTFO rules. As part of its investigation, the TIC has called for opinions on remedy options from domestic and foreign producers. Exhibit 5 provides a summary of some of the recommendations for flat steel products. Discussion Questions What is your assessment of what the TIC should do? What factors should the TIC consider when making its decision? Do you believe that remedies are called for? If so, what sort of remedies would you impose: tariffs, quotas, or some other mechanism? To help you with your analysis, you are invited to work through the problems below. 1 . U. S. Anti-dumping law allows domestic producers to petition against imports sold below fair market value. Fair value is defined as the price in the home market or the cost of production plus some reasonable profit. The critical question is: what does this cost include? To help understand this point, consider the following simple costs for steel. The demand in Country I, when I run supply is: Is = O S = 60 for Pi 20 = 100 Pi and the short- That is, minimum PVC is 20 for all producers in each country, and capacity is fixed at 0. Assume that 40 is the minimum price necessary for firms to cover all fixed and variable costs. A. What is the competitive equilibrium in each market, assuming no trade is possible? B. Now suppose that demand in Country 1 falls to ODL = 70- Pl . Assuming no trade, what is the short and long run equilibrium in Country 1? C. What would the result be if demand falls as in (b), but trade was now permitted between the two countries? What is the new world market price, quantity sold, and imports and exports in each country? 2. Exhibit 6 and Exhibit 7 include data on quantity, revenue, demand, and supply elasticity for certain flat steel products. The TIC has recommended a tariff that would increase the average domestic price of plate steel by $5 per ton on plate steel, from $401. 36 to $406. 36 per ton. The data in Exhibit 7 show that 6,023,568 tons were shipped by domestic producers at the world price, while 6,974,335 tons were consumed. Use the data in Exhibits 6 and 7 to calculate the change in consumer and producer surplus on plate steel as a result of this policy. For simplicity sake, assume that domestic and foreign steel are perfect substitutes, and that all purchases of steel represent final demand. You may further assume that the demand and supply curves are linear. For demand and supply elasticity, use the midpoint of the ranges provided in Exhibit 6. 3. MIT economist Jerry Houseman said, This minor price increase [of 0. 2 percent to 0. 4 percent] would have almost no effect on demand, especially since demand price elasticity for most goods that use steel are not particularly high. This question will show why an inelastic demand curve implies that changes in steel prices have little impact on the quantity demanded in steel- consuming industries. Consider a supply curve Q = P and the demand curve Q = 100 6 a. What are the domestic price, supply, and demand assuming a closed market under which steel trade is not allowed? B. Now assume the world price is 30. What is the new domestic supply and demand at this price? What are total imports? What is the elasticity of demand at the world price? C. Suppose the U. S. Government imposes a tariff of 33. 33 percent on foreign imports. What are the domestic price, supply, and demand at the new price? What are total imports under this policy? How much does demand change under this policy and what is the dead weight loss? D. Now suppose demand is equal to Q = 75 P/6. Calculate domestic demand under he free trade and tariff policies. What is the elasticity of demand at the world price? How does the change in demand from a free trade to tariff environment compare to that in part (c)? What is the deadweight loss as a result of this policy, and how does it compare to part (c)? Can you explain the reason for the difference in answers in parts (c) and (d)? 4. A common argument made by U. S. Steel companies is that U. S. Steel producers are as efficient as foreign firms; however, foreign subsidies are creating an unfair playing field in the steel market. This question illustrates the effects that subsidies an have on the steel market, and how they can drive efficient producers out of the market over the long run. Again, consider two countries that face symmetrical demands and costs for steel. The demand in Country I, when I = 1,2, is Did = 1000 pip. All firms in both countries use identical production technologies; firms in both markets have cost functions C(Q) = 400 + Q, C(O) = 400, with MAC = Q. A. Find the long-run equilibrium in both markets under free trade. What are the long- run price, total quantity, and equilibrium number of firms in both markets? B. Now suppose Country 2 decides to subsidize its steel industry. It initiates a policy of paying domestic steel producers 10 for each unit produced, effectively lowering the marginal cost of production by 10. Assuming no world trade, what is the equilibrium price and quantity in each market? Excluding the effects of subsidies, what is the highest marginal cost of production found among firms in Country 1 and Country 2? C. If Country 2 follows the subsidy policy described in (b), what is the short-run equilibrium in the world market if free trade is permitted? Excluding the effects of subsidies, what is the highest marginal cost of production for firms in Country 2?